A Qualitative Study of Intercultural Friendship through New Social Media
Abstract
Applying Casmir’s Third Culture Model (TCM) of intercultural communication (Casmir 1993, 1999), the current study examines the ongoing interaction between two international participants mediated by one social medium: WeChat. It describes the dialogic communication patterns between the participants that enabled them collaboratively to construct a shared and mutually beneficial third culture that brought about a productive intercultural friendship. It demonstrates ways WeChat helped transform their interactions and facilitated their friendship development.
Full text article
References
Böhm, A. (2004). Theoretical coding: Text analysis in Grounded Theory. In U. Flick, E. von Kardorff & I. Steinke (eds.), A Companion to Qualitative Research (270-275). Sage.
Bouvier, G. (2015). What is a discourse approach to Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and other social media: Connecting with other academic fields? Journal of Multicultural Discourses, 10(2): 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/17447143.2015.1042381
Buber, M. (2009). Elements of the interhuman. In J. Stewart (ed.), Bridges not Walls: 10th edition (62-78). McGraw-Hill.
Casmir, F.L. (1993). Third-culture building: A paradigm shift for international and intercultural communication. In S.A. Deetz (ed.), Communication Yearbook 16 (407–428). Sage.
Casmir, F.L. (1999). Foundations for the study of intercultural communication based on a third-culture building model. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23(1): 91–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(98)00027-3
Chen, Y.W. (2006). Intercultural friendship from the perspectives of East Asian international students. China Media Research, 2(3): 43-58.
Cupach, W.R. & T.T. Imahori (1993). Identity management theory: Communication competence in intercultural episodes and relationships. In R.L. Wiseman & J. Koester (eds.), Intercultural Communication Competence. Sage.
Flick, U. (2004). Triangulation in qualitative research. In U. Flick, E. von Kardoff & I. Steinke (eds.), A companion to Qualitative Research (178-183). Sage.
Gareis, E. (2000). Intercultural friendship: Five case studies of German students in the USA. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 21(1): 67–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256860050000803
Gareis, E., R. Merkin & J. Goldman (2011). Intercultural friendship: Linking communication variables and friendship success. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 40(2): 153-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2011.581034
Gareis, E. (2012). Intercultural friendship: Effects of home and host region. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 5(4): 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1080/17513057.2012.691525
Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. Basic Books.
Gudykunst, W.B. & Y.Y. Kim (1997). Communicating with Strangers: An Approach to International Communication (3rd edition). McGraw-Hill.
Hall, B.J. (2005). Among Cultures: The Challenge of Communication (2nd edition). Wadsworth.
Hunter, L. & M. Elias (1999). Interracial friendships, multicultural sensitivity, and social competence: How are they related? Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 20(4): 551–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-3973(99)00028-3
Imahori, T.T. & W.R. Cupach (1995). Identity Management Theory: Facework in intercultural relationships. In W.B. Gudykunst (ed.), Theorizing about Intercultural Communication (195-210). Sage.
Keating, L. (2016). WhatsApp vs. WeChat vs. Line: The best messaging app to download. Tech Times, 29 April 2016. Accessed 13 June 2021 from https://www.techtimes.com/articles/154614/20160429/whatsapp-vs-wechat-line-best-messaging-app-download.htm
Kim, Y.Y. (1991). Intercultural communication competence: A systems-theoretic view. In S. Ting-Toomey & F. Korzenny (eds.), Cross-cultural Interpersonal Communication (259-). Sage.
Kudo, K. & K.A. Simkin (2003). Intercultural friendship formation: The case of Japanese students at an Australian university. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 24(2): 91-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/0725686032000165351
Kuo, L. (2014). WeChat is nothing like WhatsApp – and that makes it even more valuable. Quartz, 20 February 2014. Accessed 13 June 2021 from https://qz.com/179007/wechat-is-nothing-like-whatsapp-and-that-makes-it-even-more-valuable/
Lee, P.W. (2006). Bridging cultures: Understanding the construction of relational identity in intercultural friendship. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 35(1): 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475740600739156
Lee, P.W. (2008). Stages and transitions of relational identity formation in intercultural friendship: Implications for Identity Management Theory. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 1(1): 51-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/17513050701690918
Mas'udah, D. (2017). The use of social media in intercultural friendship development. Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi, 10(1): 5-20. Accessed 13 June 2021 from http://ejournal.uin-suka.ac.id/isoshum/profetik/article/viewFile/1218/1106
McEwan, B. & M. Sobre-Denton (2011). Virtual cosmopolitanism: Constructing third cultures and transmitting social and cultural capital through social media. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 4(4): 252–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/17513057.2011.598044
Reed, J.S. (1993). My Tears Spoiled My Aim and Other Reflections on Southern Culture. Columbia, MO, USA: University of Missouri Press.
Robson, G. (2014). “You are forced to be who you are”: Embodiment and social media in intercultural experience. In G. Robson, M. Zachara & A. Stasiewicz-Bieńkowska (eds.), Digital Diversities: Social Media and Intercultural Experience (12-34). Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars.
Sandel, T.L. & B. Ju (2015). The code of WeChat: Chinese students’ cell phone social media practices. In T. Milburn (ed.), Communicating User Experience: Applying Local Strategies to Digital Media Design (103–126). Lanham, MD, USA: Lexington Books.
Shiau, H.-C. (2016). Easily connected but difficult to become intimate? Intercultural friendships on social media among Taiwanese ESL students in the US. Cogent Social Sciences, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2016.1264152
Sias, P.M., J.A. Drzewiecka, M. Meares, R. Bent, Y. Konomi, M. Ortega & C. White (2008). Intercultural friendship development. Communication Reports, 21(1): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934210701643750
Spradley, J.P. (1980). Participant Observation. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Shuter, R. (2012). Intercultural new media studies: The next frontier in Intercultural Communication. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 41(3): 219-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2012.728761
Stephen, T. (1986). Communication and interdependence in geographically separated relationships. Human Communication Research, 13(2): 191-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1986.tb00102.x
Stewart, J. (ed.) (2009) Bridges not Walls (10th edition). McGraw Hill.
Stewart, J., K.E. Zediker & S. Witteborn (2009). Empathic and dialogic listening. In J. Stewart (ed.), Bridges not Walls: 10th edition (225-243). McGraw-Hill.
Strauss, A.L. & J. Corbin (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research: Procedures and Techniques for Developing Grounded Theory. Sage.
Wood, J.T. (1982). Communication and relational culture: Bases for the study of human relationships. Communication Quarterly, 30(2): 75-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463378209369432
Zeng, F., G. Deng, Z. Wang & L. Liu (2016). WeChat: A new clinical teaching tool for problem-based learning. International Journal of Medical Education, 7: 119-121. https://dx.doi.org/10.5116%2Fijme.5708.e5c4
Authors
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Intercultural Communication

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright / Open Access Policy: This journal provides immediate free open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of ideas and is distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). But the copyright was retained by the authors. Articles are free for personal use but are protected by copyright in the sense that they may not be used for purposes other than personal use without permission.