Speaking to Domestics in Lebanon: Power Issues or Misguided Communication?

Nabelah Haraty (1) , Ahmad Oueini (2) , Rima Bahous (3)
1. Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
2. Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
3. Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon

Abstract

The Lebanese use a combination of Arabic and English telegraphic speech, along with gestures and other forms of speech adjustments to address their domestics. This pattern of inadequate speech is based on the misconception that domestics understand exactly the same way they speak. Using interviews, questionnaires, and participant observations, the researchers identified some of the underlying issues, power and trust, related to this form of fragmented speech. The investigators recommended that communication with domestics be in one language and in complete sentences, not only for the sake of language acquisition but to ensure a fair treatment of foreign helpers.

Full text article

Generated from XML file

References

Ainsworth- Vaughn, N., 2004. The discourse of medical encounters. In: Schiffrin, D. Tannen, D. & Hamilton, H. (Eds.), The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Massachusetts, pp. 453 – 469. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Ali, S. I. 2003. Butler English. The Hindu Education, retrieved November 8, 2006 www.thehindu.com/thehinu/edu/2003/02/18 stories/2003021800010200.htm Google Scholar | WorldCat

Auer. P., 1998. Code-Switching in Conversation. Routledge, London. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Brown, P. & Levinson, S., 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Chaika, E., 1994. Language: The Social Mirror. Heinle and Heinle Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Clyne, M., 2003. Towards more language centered approach to plurilingualism. In: Dewaele, J. M., Housen, A., & Wei, L. (Eds.), Bilingualism: Beyond Basic Principles. Multilingual Matters Ltd, Clevedon, pp. 28 – 42. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, M., 2000. Research Methods in Education (5th. ed.). Routledge, London. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Cook-Gumperz, J. & Kyratzis, A., 2001. Child discourse encounters. In: Schiffrin, D. Tannen, D. & Hamilton, H. (Eds.), The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Massachusetts, pp. 590 – 611. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Crystal, D., 1992. Introducing Linguistics. Penguin Group, London. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Crystal, D., 1995. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Downes, W., 1998. Language and Society (2nd ed). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Ellis, R., 1985. Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Fairclough, N., 1989. Language and Power. Longman, London. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Fairclough, N., 1995. Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. Longman, London. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Ferguson, C. A., 1959. Diglossia. Word 15, 325 – 340. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Ferhaadi, A., 1988. Impact of adults and children on the addressor. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages. (22nd, Chicago, H. 1988). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 295488). Google Scholar | WorldCat

Fishman, J. A., 1972. The relationship between micro- and macro-sociolinguistics in the study of who speaks what language to whom and when. In: Pride, J. B. & Holmes, J. (Eds), Sociolinguistics. Penguin, Harmondsworth, pp. 15 – 32. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Freed, B., 1980. Talking to foreigners versus talking to children: similarities and differences. In: Scarcella, R. & Krashen, S. (Eds.), Research in Second Language Acquisition. Newbury House, Rowley, Massachusetts, pp. 19 – 27. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Gumperz, J., 1982. Discourse Strategies. Cambridge University Press, New York. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Hatch, E., 1983. Psycholinguistics: A Second Language Perspective. Newbury House, Rowley, Massachusetts. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Holmes, J., 2001. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (2nd. ed.). Longman, an Imprint of Pearson Education, Harlow. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Hosali, P. (2000). Butler English form and function. BR Pub. Corp, Delhi. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Issidorides, D. & Hulstijn, J. 1992. Comprehension of grammatically modified and non-modified sentences of second language learners. Applied Psycholonguistics,13 (2), 147 – 171. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Long, M., 1983. Native speaker/non-native speaker conversation in the second language classroom. In: Clarke, M. & Handscombe, J. (Eds.), TESOL’82: Pacific Perspectives on Language Learning and Teaching. TESOL, Washington D.C. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Myers-Scotton, C., 1997. Code-switching. In: Coulmas, F. (Ed.), The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Blackwell Publishers, Madden, Massachusetts, pp. 205 – 216. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Poplack, S., 1980. Sometimes I start a sentence in English y termino in Espanol: towards a typology of code switching. Linguistics, 18, 581 – 616. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Poplack, S., 1998. Contrasting patterns of code switching in two communities. In: Trudgill, P. & Cheshire, J. (Eds.), The Sociolinguistics Reader: Multilingualism and Variation (vol. 1). Arnold, London, pp. 44 – 65. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Powney, J. & Watts, M., 1987. Interviewing in Educational Research. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Reisigl, M. & Wodak, R., 2001. Discourse and Discrimination: Rhetoric of Racism and Anti- Semitism. Routledge and Kegan Paul, New York. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Roberts, C., 1996. Background to the understanding project. In: Bremer, K., Roberts, C., Vasseur, T., Simonot, M. & Broeder, P. (Eds.), Achieving Understanding: Discourse in Intercultural Encounters. Longman, London, pp. 1 – 8. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Robson, C., 2000. Real World Research: A Research for Social Scientists Practitioner Researchers (2nd. ed.). Blackwell, Oxford. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Romaine, S., 1995. Bilingualism. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Romaine, S., 2000. Language in Society: an Introduction to Sociolinguistics (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Scarcella, R. C. & Higa, C. 1981. Input, negotiation, and age differences in second language acquisition. Language Learning 31, 499 – 508. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Shuy, R. W., 2004. Discourse analysis in the legal context. In: Schiffrin, D. Tannen, D. & Hamilton, H. (Eds.), The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Massachusetts, pp. 437 – 452. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Stubbs, M., 1997. Language and the mediation of experience: linguistic representation and cognitive orientation. In: Coulmas, F. (Ed.), The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Blackwell Publishers, Malden, Massachusetts, pp. 358 – 373. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Thomas, L., 2004. Language, Society, and Power: An Introduction. Routeldge, London. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Van Dijk T.A., 1993. Principles of critical discourse analysis. Discourse and Society, 4(2), 249 - 283. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Van Dijk T.A., 1997. The study of discourse analysis. In: Van Dijk, T. A. (Ed.) Discourse as Structure and Process. Sage Publications, London, pp. 1 – 34. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Van Dijk T.A. 2001. Critical discourse analysis. In: Schiffrin, D. Tannen, D. & Hamilton, H. (Eds.), The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Massachusetts, pp. 352- 371. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Westra, M., 1996. Active Communication. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, California. Google Scholar | WorldCat

Authors

Nabelah Haraty
nharaty@lau.edu.lb (Primary Contact)
Ahmad Oueini
Rima Bahous
Haraty, N., Oueini, A., & Bahous, R. (2007). Speaking to Domestics in Lebanon: Power Issues or Misguided Communication?. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 7(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.36923/jicc.v7i2.438

Article Details

How to Cite

Haraty, N., Oueini, A., & Bahous, R. (2007). Speaking to Domestics in Lebanon: Power Issues or Misguided Communication?. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 7(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.36923/jicc.v7i2.438