North American Academics in East Asia: Life in the English-speaking Enclave
Abstract
While the hiring of international faculty is increasing among competitive universities, some universities face a major challenge in doing so: their foreign hires do not speak the primary language of instruction of that university. This study examines the host country language skills of expatriate academics in two countries: Korea and Japan. Specifically, this study investigates (a) the study effort invested and (b) the language proficiency achieved by native English-speaking professors on tenure track positions. Expatriate faculty had several predictors of their language learning success. Specifically, the well-known factors facilitating language learning played important roles. The findings are discussed within the framework of sociocultural adjustment and career prospects that exist for expatriate professors in Korean and Japanese higher education.
Full text article
References
Bader, A.K., F.J. Froese & A. Kraeh (2016). Clash of cultures? German expatriates’ work-life boundary adjustment in South Korea. European Management Review, 15(3): 357-374.
Bak, T.H., M.R. Long, M. Vega-Mendoza & A. Sorace (2016). Novelty, challenge, and practice: The impact of intensive language learning on attentional functions. PLoS ONE, 11(4), e0153485. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153485
Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., D.A. Harrison, M.A. Shaffer & D.M. Luk (2005). Input-based and time-based models of international adjustment: Meta-analytical evidence and theoretical extensions. Academy of Management Journal, 48(2): 257-281.
Black, J.S., M.E. Mendenhall & G. Oddou (1991). Toward a comprehensive model of international adjustment: An integration of multiple theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 16(2): 291-317.
Bordia, S., & P. Bordia (2015). Employees’ willingness to adopt a foreign functional language in multilingual organizations: The role of linguistic identity. Journal of International Business Studies, 46: 415-428.
Byun, K., J.-E. Jon & D. Kim (2013). Quest for building world-class universities in South Korea: Outcomes and consequences. Higher Education, 65: 645-659.
Chan, K.L. (2017). The world's most powerful languages. Knowledge, May 22, 2017. https://knowledge.insead.edu/leadership-organisations/the-worlds-most-powerful-languages-6156 (accessed August 1, 2020).
Dörnyei, Z. (2005). Psychology of the Language Learner: Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell Publishing.
Dörnyei, Z. & A.H. Al-Hoorie (2017). The motivational foundation of learning languages other than Global English: Theoretical Issues and research directions. The Modern Language Journal, 101(3): 455-468.
Doughty, C.J. (2019). Cognitive language aptitude. Language Learning, 69(S1): 101-126.
Field, A. (2005). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. London: Sage Publications.
Fox, J. & G. Monette (1992). Generalized collinearity diagnostics. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 87: 178-183.
Freed, B., N. Segalowitz & D.P. Dewey (2004). Context of learning and second language fluency in French: Comparing regular classroom, study abroad, and intensive domestic immersion programs. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26(2): 275-301.
Froese, F.J. (2010). Acculturation experiences in Korea and Japan. Culture & Psychology, 16(3): 333-348.
Froese, F.J. (2012). Motivation and adjustment of self-initiated expatriates: The case of expatriate academics in South Korea. International Journal of Resource Management, 23(6): 1095-1112.
Froese, F.J. & V. Peltokorpi (2011). Cultural distance and expatriate job satisfaction. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(1): 49-60.
Froese, F.J., V. Peltokorpi & K.A. Ko (2012). The influence of intercultural communication on cross-cultural adjustment and work attitudes: Foreign workers in South Korea. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(3): 331-342.
Green, C. (2015). Internationalization, deregulation and the expansion of higher education in Korea: An historical overview. International Journal of Higher Education, 4(3): 1-13.
Gress, D. & L. Ilon (2009). Successful integration of foreign faculty into Korean universities: A proposed framework. KEDI Journal of Educational Policy, 6(2): 183-204.
Harzing, A.-W. & A.J. Feely (2008). The language barrier and its implications for HQ-subsidiary relationships. Cross-Cultural Management: An International Journal, 15(1): 49-61.
Huang, F. (2017). Who are they and why did they move to Japan? An analysis of international faculty at universities. Center for Global Higher Education working paper 27. Higher Education Funding Council for England. https://www.academia.edu/download/54637364/wp27.pdf (accessed August 1, 2020).
Lauring, J. (2008). Rethinking social identity theory in international encounters: Language use as a negotiated object for identity making. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 8(3): 343-361.
Lee, H. & K. Lee (2013). Publish (in international indexed journals) or perish: Neoliberal ideology in a Korean university. Language Policy, 12: 215-230.
Luef, E.M., B. Ghebru & L. Ilon (2018). Apps for language learning: Their use across different languages in a Korean context. Interactive Learning Environments, http://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2018.1558255
Luef, E.M., B. Ghebru & L. Ilon (2019). Language proficiency and smartphone-aided second language learning: A look at English, German, Swahili, Hausa, and Zulu. Electronic Journal of E-Learning, 17(1): 25-37.
Luef, E.M., & J.-S. Sun (2019). Würfel (Sg.) und Würfel (Pl.) sind keine Homophone: Fremdsprachlicher Phonetikunterricht als Online-Klasse. 독어교육 (Journal of the Korean Society for the Didactics of the German Language), 74: 33-62.
McClure, J.W. (2007). International graduates' cross-cultural adjustment: Experiences, coping strategies, and suggested programmatic responses. Teaching in Higher Education, 12(2): 199-217.
McNeill, D. (2008). South Korea seeks a new role as a higher-education hub. Chronicle of Higher Education, 54(28): A1.
Ortiga, Y., M.-H. Chou, G. Sondhi & J. Wang (2018). Working within the aspiring center: Professional status and mobilities among migrant faculty in Singapore. Higher Education Policy, 32: 149-166. http://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-017-0078-0
Peltokorpi, V. (2007). Intercultural communication patterns and tactics: Nordic expatriates in Japan. International Business Review, 16(1): 68-82.
Peltokorpi, V. (2008). Cross-cultural adjustment of expatriates in Japan. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(9): 1588-1606.
Peltokorpi, V. (2010). Intercultural communication in foreign subsidiaries: The influence of expatriates’ language and cultural competencies. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 26(2): 176-188.
Peltokorpi, V. & F.J. Froese (2009). Organizational expatriates and self-initiated expatriates: Who adjusts better to work and life in Japan? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(5): 1096-1112.
Ronen, S., B. Goncalves, K.Z. Hu, A. Vespignani, S. Pinker & C.A. Hidalgo (2014). Links that speak: The global language network and its association with global fame. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(52): E5616-E5622.
Rose, H. & J. McKinley (2018). Japan's English-medium instruction initiatives and the globalization of higher education. Higher Education, 75(1): 11-129.
Rubin, J. (2005). The expert language learner: A review of good language learner studies and learner strategies. In K. Johnson (ed.), Expertise in Second Language Learning and Teaching (37-63). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Saisana, M., B. d'Hombres & A. Saltelli (2011). Rickety numbers: Volatility of university rankings and policy implications. Research Policy, 40(1): 165-177.
Saito, K., J.-M. Dewaele & K. Hanzawa (2017). A longitudinal investigation of the relationship between motivation and late second langauge speech learning in classroom settings. Language and Speech, 60(4): 614-632.
Selmer, J. & J. Lauring (2015). Host country language ability and expatriate adjustment: The moderating effect of language difficulty. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(3): 401-420.
Selmer, J. (2001). Adjustment of Western European vs. North American expatriate managers in China. Personnel Review, 30(1): 6-21.
Selmer, J. (2006). Language ability and adjustment: Western expatriates in China. Thunderbird International Business Review, 48(3): 347-368. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.20099
Takeuchi, R., S. Yun & J.E.A. Russell (2002). Antecedents and consequences of the perceived adjustment of Japanese expatriates in the USA. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(8): 1224-1244.
Trembath, J.L. (2016). The professional lives of expatriate academics: Construct clarity and implications for expatriate management in higher education. Journal of Global Mobility, 4(2): 112-130.
Tsuneyoshi, R. (2018). Globalization and Japanese “Exceptionalism” in Education: Insiders' Views into a Changing System. New York: Routledge.
U.S. Department of State (2018). Foreign language training: Foreign Language Institute. FSI's experience with language learning. https://www.state.gov/foreign-language-training (accessed August 1, 2020).
Welch, D., L. Welch & R. Piekkari (2005). Speaking in tongues: The importance of language in international management processes. International Studies of Management & Organization, 35(1): 10-27.
Whitsed, C. & S. Volet (2011). Fostering the intercultural dimensions of internationalization in higher education: Metaphors and challenges in the Japanese context. Journal of Studies in International Education, 15(2): 146-170.
Wilczewski, M., A.-M. Søderberg & A. Gut (2018). Intercultural communication within a Chinese subsidiary of a Western MNC: Expatriate perspectives on language and communication issues. Multilingua: Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication, 37(6): 587-611.
Yamao, S. & T. Sekiguchi (2015). Employee commitment to corporate globalization: The role of English langauge proficiency and human resource practices. Journal of World Business, 50(1): 168-179.
Zhang, L.E. & A-W. Harzing (2016). From dilemmatic struggle to legitimized indifference: Expatriates’ host country language learning and its impact on the expatriate-HCE relationship. Journal of World Business, 51(5): 774-786.
Zhang, L.E., A.-W. Harzing & S.X. Fan (2018). Host country language: Why it matters, and why expatriates need to learn it. In L.E. Zhang, A.-W. Harzing & S.X. Fan (eds.), Managing Expatriates in China: Palgrave Studies in Chinese Management (55-89). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Zhang, L.E. & V. Peltokorpi (2015). Multifaceted effects of host country language proficiency in expatriate cross-cultural adjustments: A qualitative study in China. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(13): 1448-1469.
Authors
Copyright (c) 2020 Eva Maria Luef

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This journal provides immediate and free open access to all its content and is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This means readers are permitted to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author, as long as proper attribution is given. This policy is consistent with the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition of open access.