Empathic Tendency, Majority Culture Representation, and Political Conservatism as Predictors of Intercultural Sensitivity
Abstract
This study aims to determine the variables capable of predicting the concept of intercultural sensitivity. For this reason, it uses correlational survey model. The participants in this study were the prospective primary school teachers studying in Dicle and Marmara Universities in Turkey. This study employed basically three tools for data collection-namely- Personal Information Form, Empathetic Tendency Scale, and Intercultural Sensitivity Scale. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was employed to analyze the data obtained in this study. According to the results obtained in this research, individuals’ empathetic, sympathetic and egocentric tendencies, their properties representing the majority culture, and their levels of political conservatism account for 23.8% of their levels of intercultural sensitivity.
Full text article
References
Albut, B.D. (2012). Intercultural Communıcatıon: Evolutıon and Development Issues. The Public Administration and Social Policies Revies,1(8), 54-60.
Altshuler, L., Sussman, N. M. and Kachur, E. (2003). Assessing changes in intercultural sensitivity among physician trainees using the intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 387-401.
Arasaratnam, L. A. and Doerfel, M. L. (2005). Intercultural communication competence: Identifying key components from multicultural perspectives. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 137-163.
Baños, R. V. (2006). Intercultural sensitivity of teenagers: A study of educational necessities in Catalonia. Intercultural Communication Studies, 15(2), 16-22.
Bayles, P. P. (2009). Assessing the intercultural sensitivity of elementary teachers in bilingual schools in a Texas school district. Unpublıshes Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, IN.
Bekiroğlu, O. and Balcı, Ş. (2014). Looking for the clues of sensitivity of intercultural communication: A survey on the sample of communication faculty students. Journal of Turkish Research Institute, 35, 429-458.
Bennett, M. J. (2004). Becoming interculturally competent. Toward multiculturalism: A reader in multicultural education, 2, 62-77.
Bennett, J. M. and Bennett, M. J. (2004). Developing intercultural sensitivity: An integrative approach to global and domestic diversity. In J. M. Bennett, & M. J. Bennett (Eds.), Handbook of Intercultural Training (pp. 147-165). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Berry, J. W. and Sam, D. L. (1997). Acculturation and adaptation. J. W. Berry, M. H. Segall, & Ç. Kağıtçıbaşı içinde, Handbook of İntercultural Psychology (s. 291-326). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Bhawuk, D. P. and Brislin, R. (1992). The measurement of intercultural sensitivity using the concepts of individualism and collectivism. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16, 413-436.
Bizumic, B. and Duckitt, J. (2007). Varieties of group self-centeredness and dislike of the spesific other. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29(2), 195-202.
Bobbio, N. (1996). Left and right: The significance of a political distinction. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
Chen, G. M. and Starosta, W. J. (2000). The development and validation of the intercultural sensitivity scale. Human Communication, 3, 1-15.
Chen, G.-M. (1997). A review of the concept of intercultural sensitivity. Biennial Convention of the Pacific and Asian Communication Association. Honolulu.
Chen, G.-M. and Starosta, W. (1998-9). A review of the concept of intercultural awareness. Human Communication, 2, 27-54.
Chismar, D. (1988). Empathy and sympathy: The important difference. The Journal of Value Inquiry, 22(4), 257-266.
Clarke, I., Flaherty, T. B., Wright, N. D. and McMillen, R. M. (2009). Student intercultural proficiency from study abroad programs. Journal of Marketing Education, 31(2), 173-181.
Çakmak, Z., Bulut, B. and Taşkıran, C. (2015). A study on the relationship between global citizenship perceptions and internet use of social studies pre-service teachers Adıyaman University Journal of Educational Sciences, 5(1), 99-112.
Çalık, T. and Sezgin F. (2005). Globalization, information society, and education. Gazi University Kastamonu Education Journal, 13 (1), 55-66.
de Zavala, A. G., Cisłak, A. and Wesołowska, E. (2010). Political conservatism, need for cognitive closure and intergroup hostility. Political Psychology, 31(4), 521-541.
Del Villar, C. P. (2010). How savvy are we? : Towards predicting intercultural sensitivity. Human Communication, 13(3), 197-215.
Dökmen, Ü. (1988). Empatinin yeni bir modele dayanılarak ölçülmesi ve psikodrama ile geliştirilmesi [Measuring empathy based on a new model and improving it by psychodrama]. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 21(2), 155-190.
Endicott, L., Bock, T. and Narvaez, D. (2003). Moral reasoning, intercultural development, and multicultural experiences: relations and cognitive underpinnings. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 403-419.
Engle, L. and Engle, J. (2004). Assessing language acquisition and intercultural sensitivity development in relation to study abroad program design. The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 10, 219-236.
Escalas, J. E. and Stern, B. B. (2003). Sympathy and empathy: Emotional responses to advertising dramas. Journal of Consumer Research, 29, 566-578.
Fuller, T. L. (2007). Study abroad experiences and intercultural sensitivity among graduate theological students: A preliminary and exploratory investigation. Christian Higher Education, 6(4), 321-332.
Hammer, M. R., Bennet, M. J. and Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 421-423.
Jackson, J. (2008). Globalization, internationalization, and short-term stays abroad. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32, 349-358.
Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W. and Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), 339-375.
Jost, J. T., Napier, J. L., Thorisdottir, H., Gosling, S. D., Palfai, T. P. and Ostafin, B. (2007). Are needs to manage uncertainty and threat associated with political conservatism or ideological extremity? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(7), 989-1007.
Kan, Ç. (2009). Global citizenship in social studies education. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 26(26), 25-30.
Karasar, N. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
Kemmelmeier, M. (2007). Political conservatism, rigidity, and dogmatism in American foreign policy officials: The 1996 Mennis Data. The Journal of Psychology, 141(1), 77-90.
Kumlu, E., Kızılaslan, İ. and Külekçi, G. (2015). Promoting pre-service English language teachers' intercultural sensitivity through comparative literature. Route Educational and Social Science Journal, 2(2), 160-167.
Korshuk, A. (2008). Means of developing cultural awareness, national identity and intercultural communication skills. Informacijos mokslai, (45), 85-89.
KONDA (2007). Toplumsal yapı araştırması. Biz kimiz?” İstanbul.
McMurray, A. A. (2007). Measuring Intercultural Sensitivity of International and Domestic College Students: The Impact of International Travel. Unpublıshed doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, IN.
Malka, A., Lelkes, Y., Srivastava, S., Cohen, A. B. and Miller, D. T. (2012). The association of religiosity and political conservatism: The role of political engagement. Political Psychology, 33(2), 275-299.
Matthews, M., Levin, S. and Sidanius, J. (2009). A longitudinal test of the model of political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Political Psychology, 30(6), 921-936.
Medina-Lopez-Portillo, A. (2004). Intercultural learning assessment: The link between program duration and the development of intercultural sensitivity. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 10, 179-199.
Neuliep, J. W. (2006). Intercultural Communication a contextual approach. California: Sage Publications Inc.
Olson, C. L. and Kroeger, K. R. (2001). Global competency and intercultural sensitivity. Journal of Studies in International Education, 5(2), 116-137.
Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows third edition. Berkshire: Open University Press.
Pedersen, P. J. (2010). Assessing intercultural effectiveness outcomes in a year-long study abroad program. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34, 70-80.
Peng, S.-Y. (2006). A comparative perspective of intercultural sensitivity between college students and multinational employees in China. Multicultural Perspectives, 8(3), 38-45.
Pederson, P. V. (1997). Intercultural sensitivity and the early adolescent. The Annual Meeting of the National Council for the Social Studies (Report No: SO 029 066) . Paper Presented to the College and University Faculty Assembly at the Annual Meeting of the National Council for the Social Studies. Cincinnati, Ohio. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED422225)
Phinney, J. S., Horencyzk, G., Liebkind, K. and Vedder, P. (2001). Ethnic identity; immigration, and well-being: An interactional perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), 493-510.
Seçer, İ. (2013). SPSS ve LISREL ile pratik veri analizi. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
Sipahi, B., Yurtkoru, E. S. and Çinko, M. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS'le veri analizi. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayın Dağııtım.
Stevens, J. (2002). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Straffon, D. A. (2003). Assessing the intercultural sensitivity of high school students attending an international school. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 27, 487-501.
Tabachnick, B. G. and Fidell, L. S. (2006). Using multivariate statistics. New York: Pearson.
Tesoriero, F. (2006). Personal growth toward intercultural competence through an international field education programme. Australian Social Work, 59(2), 126-140.
Thórisdóttir, H. and Jost, J. T. (2011). Motivated closed-mindedness mediates the effect of threat on political conservatism. Political Psychology, 32(5), 785-811.
Üstün, E. (2011). Factors affecting teacher candidates' intercultural sensitivity and ethnocentrism levels. Unpublıshed Master Dissertation, University of Yıldız Technical, İstanbul IN.
Vaish, A., Carpenter, M. and Tomasello, M. (2009). Sympathy through affective perspective taking and its relation to prosocial behavior in toddlers. Developmental Psychology, 45(2), 534-543.
Westrick, J. M. and Yuen, C. Y. (2007). The intercultural sensitivity of secondary teachers in Hong Kong: a comparative study with implications for professional development. Intercultural Education, 18(2), 129-145.
Williams, T. R. (2005). Exploring the impact of study abroad on students' intercultural communication skills: Adaptability and sensitivity. Journal of Studies in International Education, 9(4), 356-371.
Wilson, G. D. (1973). The concept of conservatism. In G. D. Wilson (Ed) The psychology of conservatism (pp. 3-16). London: Academic Press.
Yu, T. and Chen, G.-M. (2008). Intercultural sensitivity and conflict management styles in intercultural organizational situations. Intercultural Communication Studies, 17(2), 149-161.
Authors
Copyright (c) 2018 Ferat Yılmaz, Hanifi Şekerci, M. Cihangir Doğan

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This journal provides immediate and free open access to all its content and is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This means readers are permitted to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author, as long as proper attribution is given. This policy is consistent with the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition of open access.